Durable Bioplastics

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As plastics are predominantly made from crude oil, the use of bioplastics offers significant advantages in an ecological and economic sense. There are two basic processes for the manufacture of bioplastics: Direct extraction from biomass, which yields a series of natural polymer materials; alternatively, the renewable resources/biomass feedstock can be converted to bio-monomers by fermentation or hydrolysis and then further converted by chemical synthesis to bioplastics. Bio-monomers can also be microbially transformed to Bioplastics. Vegetable oils offer another important carbon platform to polyols and other functional monomers/macromers. Overall, even though bioplastics are generally more expensive than regular plastic, the variety of uses and benefits could outweigh the cost; Bioplastics cut down on municipal waste, reduce GHGs, are environmentally friendly, and can be used as a fuel. And, with developing technologies, these benefits will only increase and the cost will be competitive in the market.

Introduction and Methodology

Introduction
Scope
Methodology
Definitions and abbreviations

State of the Industry

Introduction
Supply Chain
Production of Bioplastics
Government Initiatives
Drivers
Barriers for Commercialization and Issues

Processing Durable Bioplastics

Feedstocks
Production and Properties of Bioplastics
- Bio-based Polyamides
- - Production of Polyamides
- - - PA11 from Castor Oil
- - - PA 610 from Castor Oil
- - - PA 66 from Bio-based Adipic Acid
- - - PA 69 from Bio-based Azelaic Acid
- - - PA6 from Bio-based Caprolactam
- - Properties of Polyamides
- Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) from Bio-based PDO
- - Production
- - - Conversion of Biomass to 1,3-propandiol
- - - Conversion of 1,3-PDO to PTT
- - Other Products from PDO
- - Properties
- Bio-based Polyethylene (PE)
- - Production
- - Properties
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from Bio-based PE
- - Production
- - Properties
- Polyurethane (PUR) from Bio-based Polyols
- - Production of PUR
- - - Production of Fossil Fuel-based PUR
- - - PUR from Bio-based Polyol
- - Properties
- Starch Plastics
- Polylactic Acid (PLA)
- - Production
- - Properties
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- - Production
- - Properties
- Bio-based Thermosets
- Other Bio-based Thermoplastics
- - Polyesters
- - Other Ethylene-based Compounds
- - Methanol-based Compounds
- - Propylene-based Compounds
- Poly(butylene terephthalate) from Bio-based BDO
- - Production
- - Properties
- Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) from Bio-based Succinic Acid
- - Production
- - Properties
- Bio-based Polyethylene Terephthalate
- - Production
- - Properties
- Polyethylene Isosorbide Terephthalate (PEIT)
- - Production
- - Properties
- Other Polyesters Based on PDO

Conversion and End-use Applications

Issues
Conversion Process
- Injection Moulding
- Extrusion
- Thermoforming
- Blow Moulding
- Transfer Moulding
- Reaction Injection Moulding
- Compression Moulding
Applications of Durable Bioplastics
- Automobile Industry
- Electrical/Electronics
- Building and Construction

Future Trends

Tables & Figures

TABLE 2.1 Biodegradable bioplastics
TABLE 2.2 Nonbiodegradable bioplastics
TABLE 2.3 Bioplastics used in durable applications
TABLE 2.4 Main carbon-neutral bioplastics
TABLE 3.1 Commercially available bio-based/partially bio-based polyamides
TABLE 3.2 Properties of starch plastics
TABLE 3.3 Polyesters from bio-based or potential bio-based monomer
TABLE 4.1 Bioplastics used by major automobile manufacturers
TABLE 4.2 Countries producing bio-based polyamides
TABLE 4.3 Properties of DMF-based polyesters

FIGURE 2.1 Biodegradable bioplastics lifecycle
FIGURE 2.2 Durable bioplastics lifecycle
FIGURE 3.1 Technologies for production of starch plastics
FIGURE 4.1 Development of high-performance PLA