Bioplastics In The Waste Stream

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This e-book brings together the information on bioplastics in the waste stream and the scientific and technological advances on the production, application, reuse, recycle, ultimate disposal and environmental aspects. This topic has grown in importance as the need for environmentally friendly products from renewable resources and these products' lifecycle, ultimate disposal and associated greenhouse gas emissions and global warming have become important issues.

Introduction and Methodology

Introduction
Scope
Methodology
Definitions and abbreviations

Trends in Bioplastics Waste Management

Introduction
Bioplastics Consumption and Waste Generation
Opportunities and Barriers for Bioplastics Waste Management
Bioplastics Standards and Regulations
- Statutory Regulation
Waste infrastructure Options
- Composing Infrastructure

Feedstocks, Processors and Products

Feedstocks
Productions Processes
- Sugar-based Bioplastics
- Starch Bioplastics
- Polyamides (nylon)
- - PA11 from Castor Oil
- - PA610 from Castor Oil
- - PA66 from Bio-based Adipic Acid
- - PA69 from Bio-based Azelaic Acid
- - PA6 from Bio-based Caprolactam
- Poly(trimethylene Terephthalate)
- - From Biomass to 1,3-PDO to PTT
- - From Bio-based 1,3-PDO to PTT
- Polyethylene
- - Polyvinyl Chloride from Bio-based PE
- Polyurethane (PUR) from Bio-based Polyols
-Thermoset Bioplastics
- - Alkyd Resins
- - Epoxy Resins
- Emerging Bio-based Thermoplastics
Products and End Uses
- End Uses
Sources of Bioplastics Waste
- Centralized (Industrial)
- Decentralized

Waste Stream Strategies

Introduction
Waste Options
- Reduction
- Reuse
- Recycling
- Incineration
Landfilling
Pre-treatment and Post-treatment
Breakdown Mechanisms
- Abiotic Degradation
- - Mechanical Degradation
- - Light Degradation
- - Thermal Degradation
- - Chemical Degradation
- Biotic Degradation
- - Physical Means
- - Chemical Means
- - Enzymatic Means
Infrastructure Technologies
Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) of Bioplastics

Future trends

Outlook for Bioplastic-based Products
New Candidate Raw Materials/Feedstocks
- Algae
- Industrial Wastes
Modification of Bioplastics
Improvements in Sorting and Seperation
- Near-infrared Spectroscopy
- MIR Technology
- Marker System
- Bi-Techno
Emerging Recycling Technologies
- Hydrothermal
- Dry Heat Depolymerisation
- Hydrolysis/Solvolysis ( (Alcoholysis)
- Enzymatic Depolymerisation
Final Disposal

Tables

TABLE 2.1 Bioplastics producers, 2009
TABLE 2.2 Use of bioplastics in Europe, 2008 (%)
TABLE 2.3 German regulation of biodegradable municipal waste, 2010
TABLE 2.4 Plastic recycling terminology
TABLE 3.1 Building-block chemicals and bioplastics
TABLE 3.2 Commercially available bio-based/partially bio-based polyamides, 2009
TABLE 3.3 Polyesters from bio-based or potential bio-based monomer
TABLE 3.4 Main manufactures of different bioplastics, 2009
TABLE 3.5 Examples of bioplastics from different feedstocks, 2009
TABLE 4.1 Heating values of various fuels and wastes, 2009
TABLE 4.2 Global warming potential for incineration of various materials with and without energy recovery (kg of material)
TABLE 5.1 Promotion of biodegradability
TABLE 5.2 Suppression of biodegradability

Figures

FIGURE 2.1 Bioplastics comprised of degradable plastics and bio-based plastics
FIGURE 3.1 Raw material biomass to building-block intermediates and monomers
FIGURE 3.2 Biomass feedstocks, intermediates, and building blocks
FIGURE 3.3 Starch production process technologies
FIGURE 4.1 Granulate from recycled bioplastics film
FIGURE 4.2 General mechanism of plastics biodegradation